Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Clinical Study
Current Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Care Clinics in Korea: Da Hea Seo, Shinae Kang, Yong-ho Lee, Jung Yoon Ha, Jong Suk Park, Byoung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong-Soo Cha; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(3):282-290. Published online September 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.3.282

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Background

This study investigated the overall status of diabetes control and screening for diabetic microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending primary care clinics in Korea.

Methods

In this cross-sectional observational study, 191 primary care clinics were randomly selected across Korea from 2015 to 2016. In total, 3,227 subjects were enrolled in the study.

Results

The patients followed at the primary care clinics were relatively young, with a mean age of 61.4±11.7 years, and had a relatively short duration of diabetes (mean duration, 7.6±6.5 years). Approximately 14% of subjects had diabetic microvascular complications. However, the patients treated at the primary care clinics had suboptimal control of hemoglobin A1c levels, blood pressure, and serum lipid levels, along with a metabolic target achievement rate of 5.9% according to the Korean Diabetes Association guidelines. The screening rates for diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy within the past 12 months were 28.4%, 23.3%, and 13.3%, respectively.

Conclusion

The overall status of diabetes management, including the frequency of screening for microvascular complications, was suboptimal in the primary care clinics. More efforts should be made and more resources need to be allocated for primary care physicians to promote adequate healthcare delivery, which would result in stricter diabetes control and improved management of diabetic complications.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Risk of Cause-Specific Mortality across Glucose Spectrum in Elderly People: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Joonyub Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Soon Jib Yoo, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(5): 525. CrossRef
Comparison of on-Statin Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels for the Prediction of First Cardiovascular Event in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Ji Yoon Kim, Jimi Choi, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(6): 837. CrossRef
Effectiveness of quality of care for patients with type 2 diabetes in China: findings from the Shanghai Integration Model (SIM)
Chun Cai, Yuexing Liu, Yanyun Li, Yan Shi, Haidong Zou, Yuqian Bao, Yun Shen, Xin Cui, Chen Fu, Weiping Jia
Frontiers of Medicine.2022; 16(1): 126. CrossRef
Comparison of Health Outcomes by Care Provider Type for Newly Diagnosed Mild Type 2 Diabetes Patients in South Korea: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Hee-Chung Kang, Jae-Seok Hong
Healthcare.2022; 10(2): 334. CrossRef
Management Status of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at General Hospitals in Korea: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study
Jin Hee Jung, Jung Hwa Lee, Hyang Mi Jang, Young Na, Hee Sun Choi, Yeon Hee Lee, Yang Gyo Kang, Na Rae Kim, Jeong Rim Lee, Bok Rye Song, Kang Hee Sim
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2022; 23(1): 64. CrossRef
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Early Dry Skin Disorder: A Comparison Study Between Primary and Tertiary Care in Indonesia
Lili Legiawati, Kusmarinah Bramono, Wresti Indriatmi, Em Yunir, Aditya Indra Pratama
Current Diabetes Reviews.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Long-Term Changes in HbA1c According to Blood Glucose Control Status During the First 3 Months After Visiting a Tertiary University Hospital
Hyunah Kim, Da Young Jung, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Hyeon Woo Yim, Hun-Sung Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Differences in health behavior and nutrient intake status between diabetes-aware and unaware Korean adults based on the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2016–18 data: A cross-sectional study
Anshul Sharma, Chen Lulu, Kee-Ho Song, Hae-Jeung Lee
Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Diabetes Quality Assessment on Diabetes Management Behaviors Based on a Nationwide Survey
Chang Kyun Choi, Jungho Yang, Ji-An Jeong, Min-Ho Shin
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(23): 15781. CrossRef
The Impact of the Indonesian Chronic Disease Management Program (PROLANIS) on Metabolic Control and Renal Function of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Primary Care Setting
Firas Farisi Alkaff, Fauzan Illavi, Sovia Salamah, Wiwit Setiyawati, Ristra Ramadhani, Elly Purwantini, Dicky L. Tahapary
Journal of Primary Care & Community Health.2021; 12: 215013272098440. CrossRef
Questionnaire-based Survey of Demographic and Clinical Characteristics, Health Behaviors, and Mental Health of Young Korean Adults with Early-Onset Diabetes
Ji In Park, Hyunjeong Baek, Sang-Wook Kim, Ji Yun Jeong, Kee-Ho Song, Ji Hee Yu, Il Sung Nam-Goong, Eun-Hee Cho
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Risk of Retinal Vein Occlusion Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Propensity Score–Matched Cohort Study
Min-Kyung Lee, Bongsung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Hyuk Lee, Minhee Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Ki-Hyun Baek, Ki-Ho Song, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Young-Jung Roh
Diabetes Care.2021; 44(10): 2419. CrossRef
Challenges in the Management of Diabetes in Primary Care
Yeon Kyung Lee
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2020; 21(3): 161. CrossRef
Does Diabetes Increase the Risk of Contracting COVID-19? A Population-Based Study in Korea
Sung-Youn Chun, Dong Wook Kim, Sang Ah Lee, Su Jung Lee, Jung Hyun Chang, Yoon Jung Choi, Seong Woo Kim, Sun Ok Song
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(6): 897. CrossRef
Comprehensive Efforts Are Needed to Improve the Quality of Primary Diabetes Care in Korea
Chan-Hee Jung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2019; 34(3): 265. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Triglyceride Glucose Index Is Superior to the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance for Predicting Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Korean Adults: Sang Bae Lee, Min Kyung Kim, Shinae Kang, Kahui Park, Jung Hye Kim, Su Jung Baik, Ji Sun Nam, Chul Woo Ahn, Jong Suk Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(2):179-186. Published online May 20, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.2.179

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143 Download
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Background

Recently, the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index has been considered a surrogate marker of insulin resistance which is a well-known pathogenic factor in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, few studies have investigated the relationship between the TyG index and NAFLD. Thus, we investigated the relationship between the TyG index and NAFLD and the effectiveness of the TyG index compared with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in identifying NAFLD in Korean adults.

Methods

Participants of 4,986 who underwent ultrasonography in a health promotion center were enrolled. The TyG index was calculated as ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL)×fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2], and HOMA-IR was estimated. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography.

Results

Significant differences were observed in metabolic parameters among the quartiles of the TyG index. The prevalence of NAFLD significantly increased with increment in the TyG index. After adjusting for multiple risk factors, a logistic regression analysis was performed. When the highest and lowest quartiles of the TyG index and HOMA-IR were compared, the odds ratios for the prevalence of NAFLD were 2.94 and 1.93 (95% confidence interval, 2.32 to 3.72 and 1.43 to 2.61; both P for trend <0.01), respectively. According to the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the TyG index was superior to HOMA-IR in predicting NAFLD.

Conclusion

The TyG index and prevalence of NAFLD were significantly related and the TyG index was superior to HOMA-IR in predicting NAFLD in Korean adults.

Citations

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Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2021; Volume 14: 2829. CrossRef
Association between triglyceride-glucose index and thyroid function in euthyroid adults: The Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2015
Wonsuk Choi, Ji Yong Park, A. Ram Hong, Jee Hee Yoon, Hee Kyung Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Sun Young Lee
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(7): e0254630. CrossRef
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The association between triglyceride-glucose index, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, and death in Korean adults: A retrospective study based on the NHIS-HEALS cohort
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A population-based study of TyG index distribution and its relationship to cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents
Jong Seo Yoon, Young Suk Shim, Hae Sang Lee, Il Tae Hwang, Jin Soon Hwang
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Comparison of several blood lipid-related indexes in the screening of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in women: a cross-sectional study in the Pearl River Delta region of southern China
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Clinical Study
Calpain-10 and Adiponectin Gene Polymorphisms in Korean Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Ji Sun Nam, Jung Woo Han, Sang Bae Lee, Ji Hong You, Min Jin Kim, Shinae Kang, Jong Suk Park, Chul Woo Ahn; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(3):364-371. Published online September 18, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.3.364

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Genetic variations in calpain-10 and adiponectin gene are known to influence insulin secretion and resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recently, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in calpain-10 and adiponectin gene have been reported to be associated with type 2 diabetes and various metabolic derangements. We investigated the associations between specific calpain-10 and adiponectin gene polymorphisms and Korean type 2 diabetes patients.

Methods

Overall, 249 type 2 diabetes patients and 131 non-diabetic control subjects were enrolled in this study. All the subjects were genotyped for SNP-43 and -63 of calpain-10 gene and G276T and T45G frequencies of the adiponectin gene. The clinical characteristics and measure of glucose metabolism were compared within these genotypes.

Results

Among calpain-10 polymorphisms, SNP-63 T/T were more frequent in diabetes patients, and single SNP-63 increases the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. However, SNP-43 in calpain-10 and T45G and intron G276T in adiponectin gene were not significantly associated with diabetes, insulin resistance, nor insulin secretion.

Conclusion

Variations in calpain-10, SNP-63 seems to increase the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in Koreans while SNP-43 and adiponectin SNP-45, -276 are not associated with impaired glucose metabolism.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Decoding type 2 diabetes mellitus genetic risk variants in Pakistani Pashtun ethnic population using the nascent whole exome sequencing and MassARRAY genotyping: A case-control association study
Asif Jan, Zakiullah, Sajid Ali, Basir Muhammad, Amina Arshad, Yasar Shah, Haji Bahadur, Hamayun Khan, Fazli Khuda, Rani Akbar, Kiran Ijaz, Giuseppe Novelli
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(1): e0281070. CrossRef
Silencing LncRNA PVT1 Reverses High Glucose-Induced Regulation of the High Expression of PVT1 in HRMECs by Targeting miR-128-3p
Xuyang Wang, Wangling Chen, Wei Lao, Yunxin Chen
Hormone and Metabolic Research.2022; 54(02): 119. CrossRef
Association of CAPN10 (SNP-19) genetic polymorphism and obesity with T2DM: a study on Bengali Hindu caste population
Pranabesh Sarkar, Diptendu Chatterjee, Arup Ratan Bandyopadhyay
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries.2021; 41(1): 37. CrossRef
Association of Candidate Gene Polymorphism with Metabolic Syndrome among Mongolian Subjects: A Case-Control Study
Ariunbold Chuluun-Erdene, Orgil Sengeragchaa, Tsend-Ayush Altangerel, Purevjal Sanjmyatav, Batnaran Dagdan, Solongo Battulga, Lundiamaa Enkhbat, Nyamjav Byambasuren, Munkhzol Malchinkhuu, Munkhtstetseg Janlav
Medical Sciences.2020; 8(3): 38. CrossRef
Meta-analysis of the association between adiponectin SNP 45, SNP 276, and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Yuwei Dong, Gongping Huang, Xin Wang, Zhaoming Chu, Jingzhi Miao, Houwen Zhou, Mingqing Xu
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(10): e0241078. CrossRef
Association of three SNPs in adiponectin gene with lipid traits of Tianzhu Black Muscovy (Cairina moschata)
Yuan-Yu Qin, Yi-Yu Zhang, Hua-Lun Luo, Lei Wu
Molecular Biology Reports.2019; 46(1): 325. CrossRef

Case Reports

Autoimmune Thyroiditis during Antiviral Therapy with Peginterferon.: Jung Min Roh, Jeong Seon Yoo, Yoon Bum Lee, Hye Rim An, Hong Kyu Choi, Kyo Tae Jung, Jong Suk Park, Kwan Sik Lee, Kyung Rae Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2010;25(1):68-71. Published online March 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2010.25.1.68

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Abstract PDF: Combination treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin has been established as a standard therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Although interferon therapy is relatively safe, an important side effect is the induction of autoantibodies and autoimmune disease, especially autoimmune thyroid disease. Interferon associated autoimmune thyroid disease can consist of autoimmune hypothyroidism, Graves' disease, and destructive thyroiditis. Thyroid disease may lead to dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy.

A Case of Turner's Syndrome with Transient Hypopituitarism.: Ji Sun Nam, Min Ho Cho, Jung Min Roh, Hai Jin Kim, Ji Eun Yoon, Han Young Jung, Jong Suk Park, Eun Seok Kang, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Eun Jig Lee, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(4):266-271. Published online August 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.4.266

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Abstract PDF: Turner's syndrome is characterized by short stature and gonadal dysgenesis, and it is often associated with various systemic manifestations, such as cardiovascular, renal, thyroidal, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal disorders. Though very rare, it can also be accompanied by hypopituitarism. It is important to give a meticulous medical attention to short females with gonadal dysgenesis so that neither disease is neglected or gets delayed diagnosis. In this case, Turner's syndrome and hypopituitarism were diagnosed almost simultaneously, but hypopiuitarism was transient, and the normal pituitary function was recovered spontaneously without any treatment. Initial sella MRI showed mild congenital hypoplastic hypopituitarism, and combined pituitary function test was compatible with hypopituitarism, but after 5 years, though growth hormone deficiency was still present, otherwise normal pituitary function was noted without any change in MRI. Herein, we are reporting a case of Turner's syndrome with transient idiopathic hypopituitarism with the review of literature.

A Case of Patient with Opioid-Induced Adrenocortical Insufficiency and Hypogonadism.: Hai Jin Kim, Chul Sik Kim, Jong Suk Park, Jina Park, Eun Seok Kang, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(3):257-260. Published online June 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.3.257

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Abstract PDF: Opioids are known to decrease plasma cortisol and testosterone level in human and other mammals. Nowadays, opioid use is exponentially increasing, but little is known about its side effects. With the help of progressive human science, we can habit longer life and as result, are becoming more avid for healthy life. In this respect, analgesics play important role in maintaining good and healthy quality of life. For this reason, it is important to fully understand its side effects and handle it with special precaution. We are reporting a 22-year-old male who had been taken opioid analgesic for more than six years to relieve chronic, intractable headache. Then, his hormone test revealed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism combined with hypoadrenocorticotropic hypoadrenalism but showed no definite clinical features except for sexual frigidity. After two years of oxycodon discontinuation, we reevaluated that his hormone test, and all other laboratory tests returned to the normal range.

A Case of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.: Hai Jin Kim, Chul Sik Kim, Hyun Chul Je, Jina Park, Jong Suk Park, Jee Hyun Kong, Eun Seok Kang, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Hang Suk Jang, Soon Won Hong; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(1):79-84. Published online February 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.1.79

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Abstract PDF

This is the first report of papillary thyroid carcinoma combined with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1). It is an hereditary syndrome characterized by neoplastic disorders such as pituitary adenoma, parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, such as gastrinoma just like in our case. But sometimes pheochromocytoma, mucosal ganglioneuromas, lipoma, forgut carcinoid and thyroid disease could be accompany the disease, but coincidental papillary thyroid carcinoma was never reported before in Korea. Herein we represent a 39-year-old woman who manifested typical features of MEN 1 with coincidental papillary thyroid carcinoma. Despite with definite family history of MEN 1, her genetic analysis of DNA had not found any germline mutation in MEN 1 gene. Unidentified culprit gene unable further genetic study of finding LOH (loss of heterogeneity) in 11q13, the possible explanation of papillary thyroid carcinoma as a new component of MEN 1. As we have experienced a case of MEN 1 combined with papillary thyroid carcinoma, we report it with the review of literature.

Citations

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A Case of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I with Atypical Clinical Course
Yun Sun Choi, Youn Sun Bai, Bon Jeong Ku, Young Suk Jo, Young Kun Kim, Heung Kyu Ro, Minho Shong
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2008; 23(4): 266. CrossRef

A Case of Acromegaly Caused by Double Pituitary Adenomas.: Hai Jin Kim, Chul Sik Kim, Jong Suk Park, Jina Park, Jee Hyun Kong, Ji Sun Nam, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Soon Won Hong; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(1):53-57. Published online February 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.1.53

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Abstract PDF: Acromegaly is a clinical syndrome, which is caused by an excess of growth hormone (GH), most commonly secreted from a pituitary solitary adenoma. However, our patient had bilateral GH-secreting pituitary tumors, the incidence of which has been reported in only 1.3 to 1.69% of all acromegalic patients. A 59-year-old female, with no family history of pituitary adenomas, demonstrated an increased level of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and GH not suppressed after 75 g oral glucose loading. On a preoperative MRI, only one pituitary tumor, measuring 1.1 x 0.7 cm, could be observed using sellar MRI. After surgical resection of the tumor, her headache and myalgia were sustained, and the IGF-1 level was still in a high titer. Therefore, a follow-up sellar MRI was taken, and a 0.6 x 0.7 cm sized newly growing pituitary tumor was found on the other side. With a retrospective review of radiological examinations, the patient was found to have bilateral tumors. The 0.3 cm sized tumor on the left was too small to be detected on the preoperative MRI. As the patient preferred medical treatment after surgery, she was treated with sandostatin analogues. Acromegaly with bilateral GH-secreting pituitary tumors, is a very rare disease, with no previous case having been reported in Korea. Herein, we report the case with a review of the literature.

A Case of Acromegaly with Gall Bladder Cancer.: Ji Sun Nam, Chul Sik Kim, Jee Hyun Kong, Hai Jin Kim, Jin A Park, Jong Suk Park, Chul Woo Ahn, Se Joon Lee, Bong Soo Cha, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(4):401-406. Published online August 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.4.401

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Abstract PDF: Acromegaly is a systemic endocrine disorder due to an excessive release of growth hormone, which increases the serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1). Elevated levels of these hormones are assumed to increase the incidence of malignant tumors in patients with acromegaly, due to by stimulating the growth and maturation of cells. In particular, IGF-1 is considered to be closely related with the development of colon polyps and colon cancers. Studies suggest that various malignant tumors, including thyroid cancer, brain tumor and renal cell carcinomas, are also more common in patients with acromegaly. Here, a case of gall bladder cancer in a patient with acromegaly, and the possible relationships between these two disorders, is reported.

A Case of Hepatomegaly due to Diabetic Glycogenosis Reversed by Glycemic Control.: Jina Park, Dae Hoon Song, Jong Suk Park, Joo Young Nam, Chul Sik Kim, Dol Mi Kim, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Hae Ryoung Kim, Chan Il Park; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2004;19(2):223-228. Published online April 1, 2004

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Abstract PDF: Diabetes mellitus is well known to be associated with various structural and functional liver abnormalities. If diabetic patients are accompanied by hepatomegaly or abnormal findings from a liver function test, the most common pathological findings are steatosis and glycogenosis. The steatosis is characterized by deposition of macrovesicular fat droplets in the hepatocytes, which is common in obese, type 2 diabetes mellitus. If macrovesicular steatosis is combined with mixed inflammatory infiltrate, without evidence of alcoholic hepatitis, the case could be diagnosed as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH has the possibility of progressing to cirrhosis. Secondary glycogenosis is common in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus, and is completely reversible. A 22-year-old male, with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus, was admitted with anorexia, nausea and right upper quadrant pain. Hepatomegaly and elevated aminotransferases were noted. He was diagnosed as diabetic glycogenosis using computed tomogram and liver biopsy. The hepato megaly and liver function test abnormalities were markedly improved with glycemic control

A Case of Riedel's Thyroiditis in a Patient with a History of Subacute Thyroiditis.: Chul Sik Kim, Sung Ju Lee, Jong Suk Park, Joo Young Nam, Dol Mi Kim, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2003;18(4):414-419. Published online August 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: Riedel's thyroiditis is a rare form of chronic thyroiditis, characterized by a fibroinflammatory process which partially destroys the thyroid, often involving surrounding tissues. The relationship of Riedel's thyroiditis to other forms of thyroiditis is not clear. A case of Riedel's thyroiditis in a 51-year-old female patient, admitted with a previous diagnosis of subacute thyroiditis, is reported. She was first diagnosed with subacute thyroiditis based on clinical manifestation and radiologic and laboratory results. She was treated with glucocorticoid for 8 weeks. The follow-up lasted for 12 months. However, three years later she underwent a thyroidectomy operation due to an enlargement of the thyroid nodule and suspicion of malignancy. Histopathologic examination confirmed that she had Riedel's Thyroiditis. Until now, few case of Riedel's thyroiditis in patients with a history of subacute thyroiditis have been reported in the literature. Although the etiology of Riedel's thyroiditis is unknown, it may develop in the course of subacute thyroiditis.

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